Comparing the Aether Cube-Sphere Models of Walter Russell and Harold Apsden

Aether Force recently came across this amazing sacred geometry and aether theory site called Cosmic-Core. There are many, many articles relating to sacred geometry, aether models, number theory, harmonics, and more. Truly a wonderful resource.

I found this article interesting since it concerns finding analogues to Walter Russell’s cosmogony with other physics models. In Russell’s model, he states the Creator only uses two shapes, the cube and the sphere, to form all crystallographic structures. The transition of the cube of the sphere and back to the cube, as described through his wave octave equation 4-3-2-1-0-1-2-3-4 is the path taken as polarities dance in a rhythmic balanced interchange in which they are voided as they occur, repeated as they are voided, and recorded as they repeat. The cube in his model consists of planes of zero curvature that act as perfect reflectors. Each cube has 9 reflecting planes (cathode) and 9 absorbing radar points (anode).  Vortex motion is a descriptor for spherical packing along a logrithmic path. The sphere intersections are a systems of lenses which allow the pressure differentials to converge through a convex lense centripetally or diverging though a concave lense centrifugally. This traces the path of a cube projecting as a toroid donut that compress from exterior towards center, compressing into an incandescent sphere in a cube corner, to return back to the toroidal state and back to a plane of zero curvature. This all happens within subunits of existence called the cubic wavefield. Russell stated that light doesn’t travel but it the speed of thought reproducing itself from cubic wavefield to cubic wavefield.

In Harold Aspdens’ model, the etheric lattice is comprised of cubes centered by spheres moving together. which acts as a liquid crystal from which matter emerges.

Learn more by reading the article below.

Article Sourced from : https://www.cosmic-core.org/free/article-105-physics-aether-units-part-10-harold-aspden-walter-russells-cube-sphere/

 

In this article we will continue our discussion of Aether units, focusing on the work of Dr. Harold Aspden and Walter Russell.  Dr. Aspden views the Aether units as a lattice of tessellating cubes that move together with a rotating sphere inside each cube.  He calls Aether units Quons.

Walter Russell also views Aether units as cube-spheres.

 

Dr. Harold Aspden (1927-2011)

To review, Dr. Harold Aspden is from Southampton, Hampshire England.  He was an author, theoretical physicist, electrical engineer and inventor.  He received his bachelor’s degree at the University of Manchester and his PhD at Trinity College and the University of Cambridge.

From 1963 to 1982 he was director of the European Patent Operations of IBM.  He was personally involved with 31 patents himself.

 

Aether as Fluid Crystals

Dr. Aspden developed a new concept of physics based on a subtle dynamic fluid (liquid) crystal structure of the Aether.

The Aether permeates all space, regulates quantum activity, constantly shapes our physical universe, and is the substance responsible for the creation of matter.

 

Liquid crystals are defined as matter that is “in a state which has properties between those of conventional liquids and those of solid crystals.  For instance, a liquid crystal may flow like a liquid, but its molecules may be oriented in a crystal-like way.”

Crystal-like refers to ‘having a natural geometrically regular form with symmetrically arranged face planes.’

This accounts for the fluid-like flowing properties of the Aether, and its automatic arrangement into crystalline or geometric structures.

This liquid crystal property of the Aether accounts for the flow process of Aether and the simultaneous fractal-holographic geometric structure process of the Aether.  The flow process creates the geometry and the geometry creates the flow process.  It is a continuous feedback system based on consciousness.

 

Dr. Aspden does not support Einsteinian relativity or the expanding universe hypothesis.

He supports a cosmology based on the subtle aether substance and two realms that interpenetrate: the physical material realm we see and the unseen metaphysical realm we cannot see.

The aether has a fluidic crystal structure whose rapid oscillatory variations are responsible for its electrodynamic quantum properties and gravity.

 

 

Aether Structure as Liquid Crystals

“19th century physicists were puzzled by the aether because it exhibits some properties telling us it is a fluid and some telling us it is a solid.

That was the perception from a time when little if anything was known about ‘fluid crystals’.

The displays in many pocket calculators, [monitors and screens] use electrical signals and rely on the properties of a substance that, like the aether, exhibits properties characteristic of both the liquid state and the solid state as a function of electric field disturbances.”1

Dr. Aspden describes how the apparatus of the Michelson-Morley experiment [See Article 99] drags some of the structured solid-like (or crystalline) aether along with it, only to allow this to dissolve into fluid-like form which can flow backwards freely through the interstices of the solid portions of the aether to keep density constant and, indeed, avoid setting up any linear aether momentum.

 

 

Fluid Crystals are Standing Waves of Geometry

This is thoroughly discussed in articles 120-121 we when talk about Hans Jenny and Cymatics.  In short, “Jenny put sand, dust and fluids on a metal plate connected to an oscillator which could produce a broad spectrum of frequencies.  The sand or other substances were organized into different structures characterized by geometric shapes typical of the frequency of the vibration emitted by the oscillator.”2

Hans Jenny & Cymatics Patterns.  Sound (vibration) creates geometry.  This is an indisputable fact of reality.

 

Furthermore, standing waves perfectly encapsulate the properties of the Aether that include both a fluid-like property, and a crystalline geometric property.

 

 

The Aether

“The aether is able to exhibit rotational momentum, angular momentum, inasmuch as a sphere of something having a mass density can spin about a central axis and not disturb enveloping aether.

There is an orderly circular motion of particles forming a kind of crystal structure but yet able to dissolve and allow counter-flow of those particles.

The process is a conservative process in energy terms, meaning that the energy fluctuations can occur as perturbations rather than quantum events associated with the creation and demise of particles and their anti-particles.”3

 

 

Cubic Structure of Aether

“Unlike the situation in solid matter, where atoms bond together as if attracted to one another and so form compact structures, such as body-centered cubic or face-centered cubic lattice-like systems, the aether adopts the simple cubic structure.”4

Dr. Aspden regards the Aether as a cubic matrix .  However, it has interpenetrating geometry of other types.  Remember, when you see one Platonic solid, they all exist in potentiation.

“The aether is able to exhibit rotational momentum and angular momentum inasmuch as: a sphere of something having a mass density can spin about a central axis and not disturb enveloping aether.”5

Dr. Aspden’s model consists of a tessellating matrix of cubes with a spherical ball in each cube.  The different spheres can rotate in different directions and speeds.  Other particles can flow in between the spheres.

The entire matrix of cubes (geometry) spins as a whole with spheres inside that rotate about their own axis.

The cubes all move together yet have individual identities.

Rotation of a sphere of aether would then develop a magnetic field.

“The magnetic state favors rotation.  There has to be balance of angular momentum, and so a sphere of aether rotates one way and a surrounding shell of aether rotates the other way…it leads directly to a very simple mathematical relationship between the speed of rotation, the Constant of Gravitation, the mass density of the aether and the mass density of the accreted matter.”6

This concept of Dr. Aspden’s takes us right back to the concept of the double torus in Cosmometry and the work of Nassim Haramein, that is, Aether units are composed of two rotating spheres, one of top of the other, each rotating in different directions.  This also describes the Searl Generator of two counter-rotating magnetic fields that cause free energy and anti-gravity effects.

 

 

Each rotating sphere is composed of Two Muons

Dr. Aspden posits that muons are the building block of the quantum medium.

Muons are Heavy Electrons.

Muons are large subatomic particles.

They were the first new interesting subatomic particles discovered in 1936 by Carl Anderson and Seth Neddermeyer at Caltech.

Muons have all the properties of an electron.  They spin the same and have the same charge as an electron, they are just 206-207 times larger.

 

 

Remember, however, atoms are not made of particles.  They are standing waves.

An atom showing quantized shells.  All particles are localized standing waves.

 

These subatomic particles can scale to larger sizes.  A muon is not just an individuated particle, it an electron wave structure scaled to a larger size.  Muons are intermediate particles between protons and electrons.  There are even larger scaled electrons called taons (Tau).  They are 3485 times larger than an electron.

 

So, we have from smallest to largest: electron, muon, proton, taon…

A muon has stability and staying power.  They exist for 2.2 microseconds.  This is the second longest decay time after 15 minutes for neutrons.  They are produced by high-energy interactions with matter.

In Tutorial 6 Dr. Aspden presents the analysis showing how a basic energy quantum of 412.665816 electron mass units [per each sphere] can be derived by his theory.7

412.665816 is very close to the energy of two muons (412-414 electron mass units).

 

 

Creation and Annihilation of Aether Units

Dr. Aspden’s theory fits with Conrad Ranzan’s Dynamic Steady-State Universe (DSSU) in many ways.

“The aether is a sea of energy in the form of ‘heavy electrons’, those mu-mesons we call muons, which exist in opposite polarity charge pairs, and this provides a bombardment of all sectors of space at that aether frequency, as those muons move around, expanding, annihilating, and reappearing elsewhere in their initially contracted form.”

The energy cycle is regenerative because energy is conserved. It has nowhere to go other than into the aether system, but the aether seeks to reestablish its equilibrium by shedding that energy at the first opportunity.” 8

“Here we make the point that the charge cannot expand unless the space it occupies… expands first.  If it did expand without such assistance, its energy would disperse and there would be no discrete electric charges in the whole of our universe.  We must take note that electrons and many other elementary charged particles are stable.  Force arises only when energy changes and this is only when motion can occur to permit the change.

As soon as the first one starts to expand it will act to fill the space by displacing the filling medium and so restrain other particles of charge from expanding at the same instant.  We are here envisaging a process of [local] expansion of the universe by which more space is constantly created as the plenum of electric charge constantly, but statistically with its transiently stable sates, expands to keep voids from forming.”9

This perfectly aligns with the physics of Conrad Ranzan and the Dynamic Steady State Universe (DSSU).

 

 

Quons (Fundamental Aether Units)

We are able to divide space into cubic cells and say that in each cell there is a single quon.

The Quon is the interpenetrating spheres within each Aether cube.

We shall see that the aether comprises cubic cells of side dimension d.

d = one cube edge length (12 edges to a cube)

r = radius of the sphere

 

“In each such cell there is a quon of charge e balanced by an equal amount of charge of negative polarity.”10

They are spinning oppositely, and cancel each other out, so we don’t notice it.  Only when a perturbation occurs is it measurable and a particle gets kicked out.

“You may now be wondering how there can be an orderly circular motion of particles, forming a kind of crystal structure, but yet able to dissolve and allow counter-flow of those particles.

The spheres rotating inside the cubes gives the counter-flow.”11

 

 

The Cube-Sphere & Walter Russell

We introduced Walter Russell in Article 92 and mention his work throughout Cosmic Core.

Walter Russell (1871-1963)

Russell was a sculptor, natural philosopher, musician, author, and builder.  The New York Herald Tribune called him “the modern Leonardo”.

“Russell’s Cosmogony is a work of natural philosophy, not science as we think of it these days, but it has the ideas to transform Science; neither is Russell a theologian, but his cosmogony has the potential to transform Religion.”12

Russell touted the idea of “a new cosmogony based upon a two-way continuous, balanced universe to replace the one-way discontinuous, unbalanced universe.”13

“Nature is engaged in the making of but one form–the cube-sphere–which means the same as though we said female-male of man…The sphere is the positive centering sun. The cube is the invisible surrounding wave field.  All matter is thus divided into positive solids surrounded by negative space.”14

Credit: Walter Russell

 

“In my universe there is but one form from which all forms appear.  That one form is the pulsing cube-sphere, two halves of the heartbeat of my dual thinking.  All forms pulse, therefore, all forms are two, one form for the inbreathing pulse, which generates, and one for the outbreathing, radiating one.  The cube is the sphere expanded by the outward breath to black rest in cold space, and the sphere is the cube compressed to the incandescence of white-hot suns by the inward breath.”15

Credit: Walter Russell

 

A Cubic Aether – Jane Roberts & the Seth Material

“Consider a network of wires, a maze of interlocking wires endlessly constructed so that looking through them there would seem to be no beginning or end…If you consider the wires as forming cubes – then the cubes could also fit one within the other, without disturbing the inhabitants of either cube one iota.  And these cubes are themselves within cubes, and I am speaking now only of the small particle of space taken up by your plane and mine.

True transparency is not the ability to see through, but to move through.  Now remove the wires and cubes.  Things behave as if the wires and cubes existed…the wires that we constructed are real, though there are no wires.

Consider that these wires are mobile, constantly trembling, and also alive, in that they not only carry the stuff of the universe but are themselves projections of it, and you will see how difficult this is to explain.”16

 

What Seth is getting at is that the geometric structure is not a stationary structure.  It is an invisible flow process of a liquid crystal Aether.  The geometric structures of the Aether, both on the subquantum level and on the galactic cosmic level, are invisible ‘force-fields’.  These ‘force-fields’ are always in motion just as the geometry produced in Cymatics is always in flow.  They are oscillations, fluctuations and frequencies of standing waves that are the result of consciousness.

 

Credit: Walter Russell

 

 

Mathematical Derivations

Returning now to the work of Dr. Aspden, he predicted the proton-electron mass ratio (to extreme precision) ten years before it was experimentally measured.

He also derived and predicted the fine structure constant with extreme precision years before it was actually measured with precision.

Further, he also derived Planck’s constant and the Gravitational constant.

He was able to do all this from his Aether structure of a cubical array with rotating spheres inside each cube.

 

Mathematical Constants

The Fine-structure constant (α- alpha) – 0.007297351  or about 1/137

We discussed the fine structure constant and mystery of the number 137 in Article 94.

The fine structure constant describes the energy sub-levels observed experimentally in the emission spectra of atoms.  The measurement is based on the way atoms absorb and emit light.  It “measures the strength of the electromagnetic force that controls how charged elementary particles (such as electrons and photons) interact.”17

In other words, an atom jiggles when it shifts quantum states and a certain amount of energy is released.  This happens when an electron absorbs a photon, or conversely, when an electron emits a photon.   This amount of energy that enters or exits is a ratio.  The ratio in this case is the fine structure constant.

A captured image of a moving electron.  All particles are localized standing waves.

 

“The fine-structure-constant is a classical wave constant…[and] the particle is a localized standing wave.”18

It is based on: electric charge of the electron, the speed of light; Planck’s constant, and the permittivity of free space.

 

Dr. Aspden used a rigorous formula (See Physics Unified ~ Chapter 6)19 to derive the fine structure constant, giving a value of 137.035915 = α (alpha) or 108π(8/1843)(l/6) =  137.035915.

This figure is in agreement with the observed value of 137.03602±1½ parts per million.

 

Note the .0072 in the fine structure constant.  This is the all-important number of 72 that we have discussed in previous articles as one of the preeminent numbers in the sacred number canon.

 

Note also the 137.

137 is the 33rd prime

137 is the largest prime factor of 123456787654321.

137.5 is the golden angle (phi ratio of a 360° circle).

33.333…^3 = 37037.037037037…

 

“Physicist Leon M. Lederman expounded on the significance of the number [137] noting that not only was it the inverse of the fine-structure constant, but was also related to the probability that an electron will emit or absorb a photon. He added that it also “contains the crux of electromagnetism (the electron), relativity (the velocity of light), and quantum theory (Planck’s constant).  It would be less unsettling if the relationship between all these important concepts turned out to be one or three or maybe a multiple of pi. But 137?”

The number 137, according to Lederman, “shows up naked all over the place,” meaning that scientists on any planet in the universe using whatever units they have for charge or speed, and whatever their version of Planck’s constant may be, will all come up with 137, because it is a pure number.  Lederman recalled that Richard Feynman had even suggested that all physicists put a sign in their offices with the number 137 to remind them of just how much they don’t know.”20

 

In esotericism the Hebrew word Kabbalah has a Gematria numerical value of 137.  The earliest nuance of the meaning of the word Kabbalah is seen in the Torah (Exodus 26:5 and 36:12), where it means ‘parallel’ or ‘corresponding’ rather than ‘receiving.’ It is used to describe the ‘corresponding loops’ which, when clasped together, enjoined the two sections of the Tabernacle’s ceiling. These loops were suspended directly over the veil that divided the Holy Place and the Holy of Holies. Symbolically, this is the threshold between the physical dimension and the utterly spiritual dimension. In other words, at the boundary line of the physical world, the number 137 emerges.”21

 

There have been various attempts to discover the math behind 1/α (22)

From Scott Onstott’s Secrets in Plain Sight, 2016

 

 

The Gravitational Constant

The Gravitational constant is 6.67408(31) x 10-11 m3 kg-1 s-2.

The Gravitational Constant has a tetrahedral relationship.

The Aether structure is a cubic matrix.  A tetrahedron fills precisely 1/3 of the volume of a cube, that is 3.333…(pictured above)

Two tetrahedrons (star tetrahedron) fill 2/3 or 6.666… out of a volume of 10.

6.67408 is very close to 6.66 or 2/3. (Pictured below)

In presenting the formula for G, the constant of gravitation, d has the value of 108π times the charge of the radius of the electron.

d = length of an Aether cube’s side.

 

 

Planck’s Constant

Planck’s constant is 6.62607004 x 10-34 m2 kg/s.

Planck’s constant is also happening in a cubic Aether matrix.

Once again, a tetrahedron fills precisely 1/3 of the volume of a cube (3.333) and two tetrahedrons fill 2/3 (6.666).

Planck’s constant is approximately 6.6.   Again, 6.62607004 is very close to 6.66.

There is a slight drop from 6.666 due to the energy of the vacuum (Coulombs resistance).

 

This backs up the idea that all photons are star tetrahedra (stellated octahedra).  This will be discussed in much greater detail in Article 123.

“To know Planck’s constant and understand how the aether sets up the relationship E=hf between energy quanta E and electromagnetic wave frequency f, takes us a long way forward in our efforts to decipher the secrets of the universe.”23

 

 

The Proton/Electron Mass Ratio

The Proton/electron mass ratio is 1836.15267389.

The proton/electron mass ratio is the rest mass of the proton divided by that of the electron.  It can also be thought of as how many electrons can fit inside one proton.

Exactly 1843 electrons fit into an Aether cube.

1843 is the number derived by Aspden as being the number of electrons and positrons than can be formed within the volume of space taken up by the quon.

This allowed him to deduce the precise value of the proton-electron mass ratio.

 

The electron/proton mass ratio is 1836.15267389.  This is the number of electrons that fit into a proton.

1843 is very close to 1836.152.

 

Note, protons are not individual particles.  They are corners of a geometry inside the atomic nucleus.  This is the work of Dr. Robert Moon and will be discussed in depth in Articles 130-131.  A proton is a geometric node.  It exists in its fractalized sense as a sphere.

The nucleus of an iron atom.  Protons are vertices of Platonic solid geometry.

 

The difference in number from 1843 to 1836.152 has to do with the fact that when alone, the proton is in a cube in the aether.  When a proton is a part of an atomic structure it is not in an individual cube anymore, it is in a greater geometric structure so it shares electrons, hence the lesser number of 1836.152 compared to 1843 in a single cube.

Dr. Aspden explains this in detail mathematically in Tutorials 8 and 9.  Visit here for more info:  https://www.haroldaspden.com/tutorials/index.htm

 

 

Source of Spin

“I am going to declare that no material body in its completeness can develop a spin of its own accord, meaning by the agency of its own internally produced forces. It can develop a spin if, somehow, it can push in a rotational sense against something non-material, meaning the aether.”

This source of spin mirrors the work of Cosmometry and Nassim Haramein which concludes that spin comes from the Aether.  The Aether has a spiraling flow or fundamental spin.  Matter arises from the Aether through co-spinning units, giving them relativistic mass compared to the surrounding medium.  This spin of space allows mass to arise.

 

 

Quantum Densities

We discussed the idea of quantum densities in Article 94.

As Aspden wrote, the Aether has levels of energy density at which it becomes, as it were, locked into a quantum state corresponding to an integer value:

 

He uses the Integer r/d.  Where:

r is the radius of the sphere inside the cube

d is the distance of one side of the cube

 

Some of these numbers are as follows:

  • 1843 3029159
  • 1841 3029707
  • 1839 3030296

 

These integer values (N) represent how many electrons can fit into one Aether cube.  As more electrons fit into the same space, the energy becomes denser.  Hence, the ‘quantum density’ of the Aether.

 

 

Quantum Densities & Redshift

Revisit Articles 93 and 94 for the full discussion about redshift, quantized redshift and the work of Dr. Halton Arp and Dr. William Tifft.

Remember, redshift does not equal distance as mainstream science would like us to believe.  There are two components to redshift.  Only one component deals with distance.

The work of Dr. Halton Arp and Dr. William Tifft show that redshift equals energy density levels (around atoms and galaxies).  The energy density level is an indicator of age.

Quantized layers of energy density around galaxies.  Credit: William Tifft

 

These integer values (N) transform into km/s and they mathematically define the same Tifft numbers of redshift.

N (N/Nmin)4/9 km/s ~
1843 1.0000000 0 0
1842 0.9997588 72.3 72.3
1841 0.9995176 144.6 72.3
1840 0.9992762 217.0 72.4
1839 0.9990348 289.4 72.4
1838 0.9987933 361.8 72.4

 

Each N corresponds to a quantum number frequency.  These numbers 72, 144, 218, 288, 360 are harmonic sacred numbers.  These numbers have been, and will continue to be, thoroughly discussed in Cosmic Core.

 

 

Conclusion

We have taken a thorough look at Dr. Harold Aspden’s new Aether science.  The Aether is a lattice of liquid crystals.  Each Aether unit is a flow process that forms two counter-rotating spheres (muons) that are contained within a geometric cubic lattice.

We will continue our discussion of Aether units in the next five articles, taking a look at more perspectives of the Aether and how all these perspectives revolve around the toroidal flow.

Digging into this Aether science, as we do in Cosmic Core, is far more than an academic exercise.  This new science has profound implications for all of humanity.  It can help us all step forward into a brighter future, full of peace, abundance and prosperity for all.  In order to envision a new and better future we must learn the science [and spirituality] that can get us there.

 

I will end this article with a quote from Dr. Aspden taken from his website.

“It is only in my retirement years that I have woken up to the fact that I was misguided in my university education by teachers who saw our world as a kind of heat engine that could never regenerate energy once it was spent by conversion into a degraded heat form. [My] ten short tutorial lessons encapsulate the key research findings of my lifelong study of the fundamentals of physics during the years when I did accept that there was an unassailable barrier between us and that ‘free energy’ source. I came to understand that ‘vacuum energy’ background that we inhabit, but saw it as inaccessible. But I am now sure we can get to it! The remainder of [my] Web pages concern my belated but ongoing efforts, as a solitary individual, to go forward on that New Energy quest, whilst hoping to influence the academic world into preparing itself to see the need to list the ‘aether’ alongside coal, oil, gas and nuclear power as the primary contender for supplying our future energy needs.”24

Article Sourced from : https://www.cosmic-core.org/free/article-105-physics-aether-units-part-10-harold-aspden-walter-russells-cube-sphere/

  1. Aspden, Harold, Tutorial 5: Light and the Aether, 1997, https://www.haroldaspden.com/tutorials/05.htm
  2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymatics
  3. Aspden, Harold, Tutorial 5: Light and the Aether, 1997, https://www.haroldaspden.com/tutorials/05.htm
  4. Aspden, Harold, Tutorial Note 7: Aether Dynamics, 1997, https://www.haroldaspden.com/tutorials/07.htm
  5. Aspden, Harold, Tutorial 5: Light and the Aether, 1997, https://www.haroldaspden.com/tutorials/05.htm
  6. Aspden, Harold, Modern Aether Science, Sabberton Publications, 1972
  7. Aspden, Harold, Tutorial 6: The Task Ahead, 1997, https://www.haroldaspden.com/tutorials/06.htm
  8. Aspden, Harold, Tutorial 9: Proton Creation, 1997, http://www.aetherscience.org/www-energyscience-org-uk/tu/tu09.htm
  9. Aspden, Harold, Modern Aether Science, Sabberton Publications, 1972
  10. Aspden, Harold, Tutorial 6: The Task Ahead, 1997, https://www.haroldaspden.com/tutorials/06.htm
  11. ibid.
  12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Russell
  13. Russell, Walter, A New Concept of the Universe, 1953
  14. ibid.
  15. Russell, Walter, The Secret of Light, Univ of Science & Philosophy, 1947
  16. Roberts, Jane, The Seth Material, 1971
  17. http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/fine-structure-constant
  18. Kirakosyan, George, The Physical Meaning of the Fine Structure Constant, December 7, 2010, http://n-t.ru/tpe/ng/fs.htm
  19. Aspden, Harold, Physics Unified, Sabberton Publications, 1980 https://www.haroldaspden.com/
  20. Lederman, Leon, The God Particle: If the Universe is the Answer, What is the Question?, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1993
  21. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/137_(number)
  22. http://www.secretsinplainsight.com/2015/12/08/why-137/
  23. Aspden, Harold, Tutorial 10: Tifft’s Discovery, 1997, http://www.aetherscience.org/www-energyscience-org-uk/tu/tu10.htm
  24. https://www.haroldaspden.com/tutorials/index.htm